JoLIE 15:4/2022

 

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UNCOVERING (SOME) (PRAGMA)LINGUISTIC STRATEGIES EVIDENCED IN PORTUGUESE FAKE NEWS AS A MEANS FOR PROMOTING DIGITAL LITERACY

 

 

Alexandra Nunes

University of Évora – CEL-UÉ, Portugal

 

 

 

Abstract

 

Fake news, characterised as intentional dissemination of false, imprecise, or decontextualised (dis)information (Wardle, & Derakshan 2017), poses an international threat to journalism, democracies and public health. Since fake news replicates news media, this paper claims that quantitative methods, like corpus-based research, may point to similarities and differences in language use across domains hard to be disentangled by citizens (Sousa 2021), especially in the Portuguese-speaking context where research in this matter is scarce. Drawing on outcomes of a research in progress (Nunes 2020), this pilot study aspires to undertake a contrastive analysis of some (pragma)linguistic and emotional/(inter)personal proximisation strategies (Kopytowska 2013, 2014, 2018, 2022) in two sets of news corpora: collected from 2015 to 2020 from a set of Portuguese websites, labelled as fake news producers (Pena 2018), Vamos Lá Portugal and Lusojornal2015/Lusoamanhecer, and news magazines websites, Visão and Sábado following the selection criterion: health, science, and well-being discourse domains. Using corpus linguistics principles along with the concordancers WordSmith Tools (Scott 2019) and #LancsBox (Brezina et al. 2020), quantitative data (i.e., frequency, clusters, token/type ratio, collocation graphs, and concordance lines) are extracted and compared. Considering the theoretical framework of proximisation, this study focuses on a discursive analysis of personal deictics in context as possible carriers of personal/emotional proximisation (i.e., personal pronouns, possessive determiners and pronouns). The research findings indicate so far that first-person deixis has a comparatively similar percentage in both sets of corpora under scrutiny, evidencing shifting pronoun reference and the testimonial function (Maingueneau 2004) along with (inter)personal, emotional, and epistemic proximisation. These are likely to be confirmed as some characteristics of news media reproduced by fake news producers. As for the repetition of second-person singular deixis and the use of the personal pronoun você (a semi-formal term of address, ‘you’ in Portuguese), they seem to encompass a possible feature exclusive to the fake news herein object of study. Additionally, although this collection of fake news tends to quote specialists, patients and similar studies supposedly for reliability issues, it was found that most times these corpora: neither provide news article updates nor a date of publication, present irregular publication patterns (anonymity and faulty authorship), exhibit entire headline repetitions on the lead or even (self-)plagiarism from other articles, and offer links not corresponding with the names of the websites. Other linguistic features entail typos, misspellings, misuse of diacritics (marking word stress in Portuguese) and punctuation errors, irregular capitalisation, register shift highlighted by everchanging positioning of clitics in European and Brazilian Portuguese varieties, or even gender and number agreement. Although limited in scope, these results reinforce the importance of further corpus-based studies analysing other online news media and fake news outlets in the Portuguese-speaking context likely to be applied to other contexts. These will contribute to list (pragma)linguistic strategies concerning fake news and their detection to promote citizens’ awareness, literacy and critical thinking skills. All in all, these applied research methodologies should become part of digital literacy courses or workshops addressed both at citizens and students in the design of lifelong learning programs. At university level, these research methodologies might be a value-added component in promoting students’ engagement with societal issues drawing on sound arguments provided by reliable tools used in the teaching-learning process.

 

Keywords: Pragmatics; Proximisation; Corpus Linguistics; Health and Science (Fake) News; Digital literacy.

 

 

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Acknowledgements

 

The author gratefully acknowledges the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P. - FCT), for the financial support provided through the individual PhD research grant (Reference 2022.14617.BD).

The author would like to acknowledge her supervisors Dr Olga Gonçalves and Dr Alcina Sousa for their guidance, support, advice, feedback and careful reading through this research.

 

 

Nunes, A. (2022). Uncovering (some) (pragma)linguistic strategies evidenced in Portuguese fake news as a means for promoting digital literacy. Journal of Linguistic and Intercultural Education – JoLIE, 15(4), 101–130. https://doi.org/10.29302/jolie.2022.15.4.6

 

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